Incentive reward with organizational life cycle from competitive advantage viewpoint

[[abstract]]This paper develops a framework of incentive reward match to organizational life cycle from the viewpoint of competitive advantage. Different strategy, such as differentiation, overall cost leadership and focus, can create different competitive advantage in each stage of organizational life cycle. Implementing different types of incentive reward strategy to motive unique human resources to execute the corresponding strategy and then competitive advantage can be built. Three types of incentive reward strategy, human capital, output and position, are proposed respectively in each stage of organizational life cycle to attract, nurture, and retain distinctive manpower. It will create and sustain competitive advantage in the long run.[[notice]]補正完畢[[incitationindex]]SSCI[[incitationindex]]EI[[incitationindex]]A&HCI[[booktype]]紙本[[booktype]]電子

Contingent Expatriate Training Strategies with Examples of Taiwan MNEs

[[abstract]]Expatriates play the critical role and are expected to demonstrate performances. Therefore, providing sufficient quantity and quality trainings to expatriates is critical for MNEs. With qualitative approach, this paper proposes four expatriate training strategies which consist of pre-departure training and supportive training for different internationalization situations after the literature review. We selected 4 presentative international companies from 2014 Outward Investment Directory of Taiwan as examples to explain four expatriate training strategies with different internationalization situations. We hope the contingent expatriate training strategies will facilitate MNEs to create and maintain competitive advantages.[[notice]]補正完

Performance appraisal across organizational life cycles

[[abstract]]This paper develops a framework of performance appraisal across organizational life cycles. In building the framework, the theoretical foundations, including competitive status and organizational strategies in organizational life cycles are discussed first. Furthermore, the key processes regarding performance appraisal, including the needed employee behaviors, performance criteria, performance ambiguity, and appraisal methods, are reviewed. In each stage of organizational life cycles, these elements will be gone through so that the appropriate strategy of performance appraisal may be decided.[[notice]]補正完畢[[incitationindex]]SSCI[[incitationindex]]EI[[incitationindex]]A&HCI[[booktype]]紙本[[booktype]]電子

Critical theories of phase transition between symmetry protected topological states and their relation to the gapless boundary theories

Symmetry protected topological states (SPTs) have the same symmetry and the phase transition between them are beyond Landau's symmetry breaking formalism. In this paper we study (1) the critical theory of phase transition between trivial and non-trivial SPTs, and (2) the relation between such critical theory and the gapless boundary theory of SPTs. Based on examples of SO(3) and SU(2) SPTs, we propose that under appropriate boundary condition the critical theory contains the delocalized version of the boundary excitations. In addition, we prove that the boundary theory is the critical theory spatially confined between two SPTs. We expect these conclusions to hold in general and, in particular, for discrete symmetry groups as well.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figure

Bis[dieth­yl(hy­droxy)ammonium] benzene-1,4-dicarboxyl­ate

In the centrosymmetric title compound, 2C4H12NO+·C8H4O4 2−, two N,N-dieth­yl(hy­droxy)ammonium cations are linked to a benzene-1,4-dicarboxyl­ate dianion by a combination of O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which can be described in graph-set terminology as R 2 2(7). The crystal structure is further stabilized by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, leading to the fomation of a ribbon-like network

A Light-Weight Opportunistic Forwarding Protocol with Optimized Preamble Length for Low-Duty-Cycle Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks, sensed information is expected to be reliably and timely delivered to a sink in an ad-hoc way. However, it is challenging to achieve this goal because of the highly dynamic topology induced from asynchronous duty cycles and temporally and spatially varying link quality among nodes. Currently some opportunistic forwarding protocols have been proposed to address the challenge. However, they involve complicated mechanisms to determine the best forwarder at each hop, which incurs heavy overheads for the resource-constrained nodes. In this paper, we propose a light-weight opportunistic forwarding (LWOF) scheme. Different from other recently proposed opportunistic forwarding schemes, LWOF employs neither historical network information nor a contention process to select a forwarder prior to data transmissions. It confines forwarding candidates to an optimized area, and takes advantage of the preamble in low-power-listening (LPL) MAC protocols and dual-channel communication to forward a packet to a unique downstream node towards the sink with a high probability, without making a forwarding decision prior to data transmission. Under LWOF, we optimize LPL MAC protocol to have a shortened preamble (LWMAC), based on a theoretical analysis on the relationship among preamble length, delivery probability at each hop, node density and sleep duration. Simulation results show that LWOF, along with LWMAC, can achieve relatively good performance in terms of delivery reliability and latency, as a receiver-based opportunistic forwarding protocol, while reducing energy consumption per packet by at least twice

A Refinement-Based Validation Method for Programmable Logic Controllers

International audienceProgrammable logic controllers (PLCs) are widely used in computer-based industrial applications. Timers play a pivotal role in PLC real-time embedded system applications. The paper addresses the formal validation of PLC systems with timers in the theorem proving system Coq. The timer behavior is characterized formally. A refinement validation methodology is presented in terms of an abstract model and a concrete model. The refinement is calibrated by a mapping relation. The soundness of the methodology is shown in the proving system. An illustrative case study demonstrates the eectiveness of the approach